Abstract of title is a written report which shows the complete history about the title associated with a particular piece of real estate. It also may include claims (if there are any) on the property like deeds of trust, loans, property taxes, judgments, etc.
Some abstract of title only go back in history to a few changes made to the title. Abstract can be prepared by either an abstractor or specialized company known as a "title company." Almost every buyer requires abstract of title.